The second key skill to master when seeking a state of ataraxis is faith.  Most people do not think of faith as a skill even though they may refer to practicing it.  To avoid a semantic discussion, grant me the license to state that faith is a skill and you must work at it to get better at having it.  Perhaps the faithful are born but they can also be made.

Why is faith important in the journey toward ataraxis?  Because it is a challenging journey full of uncertainty.  Faith is the only antidote to the doubt that is bound to arise.  Faith is a key skill to practice and master.

You practice faith by repeating to yourself, as often as necessary, the script:  (1) the goal is worthwhile, (2) I am doing my best at all times (under my particular circumstances), (3) the challenges I face make me stronger and better able to continue, and (4) the universe (or a greater power than you of your choosing) is life affirming.

The linchpin of this script is the life affirming nature of the universe.  If you believe it, everything else falls into place – it becomes obvious that you are meant to do your best as a human being including working toward achieving the goal of ataraxis.

If you do not believe that the universe is life affirming, please consider this observation:  all living things affirm living.  In the right environment, any living thing will flourish and attempt to maximize its potential.  If the environment is not “right”, any living thing will attempt to adapt so that it may achieve a state of affirming life.  It could not be otherwise for living things to have come as far as they have on this planet or in this universe.

Affirming life and maximizing potential are the organizing principles of living things.  It does not take any thought or intelligence for an organism to possess this capacity – it is “built in” to all living things from the least to the most complex life forms.  You can count on a life affirming quality being built into you and that this quality drives you toward maximizing your potential as a human being including your potential to achieve peace of mind or ataraxis.

You may ask, if a life affirming quality is built into all living things, including human beings, then why do non-life affirming things happen (like illness or accidents or natural disasters) or why do I or other people do non-life affirming things (like wage war or destroy the environment or steal from a neighbor)?

The answers are:  (1) because we are not able to control all events and (2) many individuals are disconnected from themselves, others, and their surroundings, particularly if the others and their surroundings are not “in their own backyard”.

The non-life affirming events outside your control, like illness and accidents, are unfortunate but also have the potential to make you stronger, wiser, and better at affirming life, even as the same events can bring great suffering and/or an end to life for some.  You can choose to see these non-life affirming events as opportunities to improve, to reaffirm living.  That’s what most do automatically (rallying against illness or injury without having to think about it).  Or, you can give up and succumb–as long as you are willing to work at giving up, because it is against your life-affirming nature to do so–it can be done but it is not easy.

The acts of others or groups of others that are non-life affirming seem to be part of the process of evolving as humans, mistakes that future humans might avoid out of respect for themselves, each other, and their surroundings, including the natural world.

At the current level of evolution, most people seem limited in their respect of others and nature.  Any respect they have decreases as time and distance away from others and surroundings increases.  In other words, their disconnection from others increases with time and distance.   Most would never do to them selves, their family members, or personal property, what they do or sanction being done to others, the property of others, or the natural world from a distance.

It was not always the case that human beings respected their immediate vicinity and neighbors.  Human beings have had to learn not to engage in warfare with their close neighbors or to not to pollute their own backyard to avoid the negative consequences to themselves of such actions.  We have yet to learn these lessons on a global level, however, even though we are starting to see global consequences of our collective actions.  The effects of air pollution and toxic waste, armed conflict, deforestation, global warming and the consequences for life as we know it, are all not so subtle hints that we are a global community and have the potential to bring about our own destruction if we do not evolve to the point of respecting all others and the natural world.

The fact that there are worldwide efforts to reduce the harm we do to others and the natural world is further evidence of the life affirming quality that is built into all of us.  Even if it is only starting to apply itself on a global scale.

Be confident that human beings will learn to better respect others and the natural world or cease to exist in the process, only to be replaced by another iteration of intelligent life that will learn from our mistakes.  More importantly, have confidence in your own life-affirming quality and its role in striving for ataraxis.

The secret to success in acquiring any ability is to allow for it to build gradually. Expect periods of rapid progress followed by relatively long periods when there is no progress. This is the nature of true growth. Be gentle with yourself along the way, not frustrated by times when you do not seem to be moving forward.

Key Skill – Awareness

There are several key skills to master while seeking a state of ataraxis. The first of these is awareness.

Awareness here refers, in part, to noticing how what you see and hear (and even feel, smell, and taste) influences your thinking.

If we could map the process of generating thoughts, one path would show sensory information (what you see, hear, feel, smell, and taste) entering your nervous system through your sensory organs (eyes, ears, etc.). This sensory information generates a thought (if it is deemed noteworthy by a system that controls your attention).

The fact that a thought or a combination of thoughts, might trigger the release of neurochemicals is an important part of the phenomena but even more important for this discussion is the fact that much of this happens outside of awareness – with the goal being to bring it totally into awareness.

To understand this process better, think of an alarm sounding. An infant who has no experience with alarms might react to the shrillness and intensity of the sound but will stop there and not generate further thoughts of alarm and/or feelings of fear. The infant’s thoughts (if any) will not be linked to experiences or stories about alarms and the danger they potentially represent: injury or death.

In comparison, the unaware adult links the alarm sound to thoughts of danger (of injury or death) without being aware of the association or connections being made. He or she associates the alarm sound with experiences or stories of injury or death outside of awareness and generates feelings of fear out of proportion with what is actually happening. Such an adult “panics” and may be “frozen by fear”.

On the other hand, the aware adult sees the situation as unique and stops short of making an association between an alarm sounding and stories of injury or death. The aware adult attends to the sensory information (the alarm sounding) and directs his or her thinking to the actual situation – remaining alert for more information but stopping short of mindlessly generating thoughts and feelings associated with different situations, including those that have been experienced before, in the news, or shared by a friend.

Specifically, an individual who is actively aware, hears the alarm sound and generates thoughts about what the sound’s source is, whether it signals danger or not, what action can be taken if any to prevent injury, how to help others in the situation, etc.

s might be obvious from this example, the sound of the alarm being heard almost instantaneously generates a thought. To be fully aware means to be mindful during the generation of thought, rather than after the thought and feelings have occurred. This requires constant awareness or “mindfulness”and the requirement of mindfulness is one of the reasons ataraxis is a difficult state of being to achieve.

The other part of awareness, as it is used here, is noticing when thoughts occur spontaneously or spring forth from another thought or a feeling or a memory, through association – a second path for generating thoughts.

For example, you may spontaneously think of a favorite place and that thought might generate feelings about and memories of friends that have been there with you. These thoughts or others like them, whether occurring spontaneously or through association, take your focus from the what is happening around you (the “present”) and frequently produce additional thoughts that become an “internal dialog”. This internal dialog may (1) concern plans, (2) be a rehearsal of dialog, or (3) be grist for a judgment of self, others, or circumstances.

Being aware of spontaneous thoughts and thoughts generated through association, gives you the opportunity to direct or end any ensuing dialog. The aware individual will be able to track the thoughts that arise spontaneously or through association as well as those thoughts that follow.

In contrast, the individual who has not yet fully aware, will be unable or uninterested in tracking his or her thoughts and will allow them to continue in a nonstop and typically mindless or aimless journey, interrupted only by an endless supply of emerging thoughts (occurring spontaneously, through associations, or because of new sensory information).

It is worth noting that before you learned to speak, you did not have the capacity for mindless thinking. As an infant, your attention was directed either inward to the sensations of your body or outward toward your experiences and the sensory information the experiences provided.

When you started to learn to speak, you acquired the ability to communicate along with the ability to think using words, that is, to have thoughts. The ability to communicate had benefits for you and others, including your getting your needs met more precisely through verbal communication. The ability to think using words opened the door to directed or mindful thinking. It also opened to door for undirected or mindless thinking.

In keeping with the dual nature of things, directed or mindful thinking could not exist without the potential for undirected or mindless thinking. The goal here is to maximize mindful thinking, including productive thinking that arises spontaneously (the source of creativity).

Mindful thoughts that plan for the future, rehearse conversation, and analyze and judge the past and present are not the problem, mindless plans, mindless rehearsed conversation, and mindless judgments are the problem. Practicing awareness allows you to stop mindless thinking and the unease that it frequently creates. In other words, practicing awareness paves the way to ataraxis.

If you have any doubt of your potential to think mindlessly, sit quietly and “empty” or clear your mind. Notice the internal dialog that starts almost immediately and how it generates mindless thoughts. Alternatively, observe children who are able to speak but haven’t learned to keep their dialog to themselves. You will hear how the dialog starts and meanders on, seemingly endlessly.

In summary, being aware of your internal dialog gives you the option of directing it. If you are unaware of it, it will direct itself, producing a endless stream of thoughts and associated feelings that sooner than later take on a life of their own and are incompatible with peace of mind.